April 206 - The Battle for Jimo in Jiaodong

[ann]

Lieutenant General Fang Ai takes the combined Gaomi Garrison and Jimo Attack Army to assault the city of Jimo.

Army: Jimo Attack Army Gaomi Garrison
Origin: Gaomi, Jiaodong
Target: Jimo, Jiaodong

Melee Layer:
Melee Commander: Fang Ai (86-73-44-72-41) Dash I, Gongshu II, Jianshu II, Smith II, Trainer II, Wall II: Lieutenant General(+1500 Soldiers): (Horse, Spd+2), (Sword, Mgt+1), (Bow) (White Silk Lightning), Robe of Damask Silk (Cha+2)
Subcommander: Yang Xi ( 78-74-24-77-38) Aid II, Charge II, Intimidate II, Qiangshu II: Gale (Horse, +4 Speed, Pierce (Spear, +3 Might, Background Item)
Soldiers: 9,337(52)
Armaments: 2205 Spears, 2205 Leather


Support Layer:
Support Commander: Yang Yu (85-23-75-80-51) Aid II, Civil Administrator I, Cover II, Discipline II, Military Administrator II, Volley II, Poison I: Chief Aide (+1000 Soldiers)
Soldiers: 2,500(52)
Armaments: N/A

This battle will be run by Cao Chao! Defenders will be posted soon.

[ann]

Jimo Defense Forces

Melee
Commander: Rui Zhi;71-55-61-70-50/Challenge I, Challenge I, Charge I, Dash I, Decoy I, Delay I, Qiangshu I, Volley I
Gongsunbao Jing;30-65-74-48-59/Civil Administrator I, Deride I, Escort I, Instructor I, Military Administrator I, Scout I, Sortie I
Soldiers: 5500 (41)


Support
Du Chen;70-54-59-53-45/Dash I, Delay I, Delay I, Military Administrator I, Propagandist I, Scout I
Soldiers 917 (40)

[Cao Chao]

On a blustery morning in early April, the army of the new administrator of Gaomi, Shi Tong, arrived before the plains before the city of Jimo. Having received word of their approach, the governor of Jimo, Rui Zhi hastily called up the city's militia and appointed two of his more capable underlings to ready them for battle. At the helm of about six and a half thousand troops - all that the corrupt governor could manage to call up after years of mismanagement of the city - Rui Zhi led them bravely forward to engage the invaders.

For all of his sticky-fingers and lack of concern for the well-being of his city and its populace, Rui Zhi proved to be a more then capable commander, leading his troops bravely and forcing the battle for Jimo to basically become a war of attrition . . . which he could not win. Outnumbered and facing better equipped troops, the Jimo garrison was forced back step by step, forced to retreat ever closer to the city. By the halfway point of the month, Fang Ai could see the city and readied his army for the final push, having captured Gongsunbao Jing and injuring Du Chen. With morale at a dangerously low level and with barely two thousand troops left, Rui Zhi prepared for the inevitable loss of his city. He was ready to flee if necessary . . . taking all of his misbegotten gains with him.

Rui Zhi attempts to Dart accross the field, 71 chance of success.
It Fails.
Jimo Attack Army's supply is 100.
Jimo Garrison's supply is 100.

Yang Yu attempts to Discipline the Army, 90 chance of success.
It Fails.
Jimo Attack Army's Melee morale is 52.
Jimo Attack Army's Support morale is 52.

Jimo Garrison's Melee morale is 41.
Jimo Garrison's Support morale is 40.

Gongsunbao Jing attempts a Disrupt, -23 chance of success.
It Fails.
Yang Xi attempts an Charge, 43 chance of success.
It Fails.
Du Chen attempts to Observe, 9 chance of success.
It Fails.
Fang Ai attempts a Spearwall, 65 chance of success.
It Fails.
Jimo Attack Army Melee Layer:
Fang Ai suffers 1156 casualties, and has 8181 soldiers left.
Jimo Attack Army Support Layer:
Yang Yu suffers 0 casualties, and has 2500 soldiers left.
Jimo Attack Army captures 378 soldiers.

Jimo Garrison Melee Layer:
Rui Zhi suffers 1626 casualties, and has 3874 soldiers left.
Jimo Garrison Support Layer:
Du Chen suffers 0 casualties, and has 917 soldiers left.
Jimo Garrison captures 234 soldiers.
Updating Effectiveness based on Ploys
Regenerating Effectiveness using Morale and Charisma.
Fang Ai regenerates -10 effectiveness.
Yang Xi regenerates -11 effectiveness.
Yang Yu regenerates -6 effectiveness.
none regenerates -19 effectiveness.
Rui Zhi regenerates -19 effectiveness.
Gongsunbao Jing regenerates -15 effectiveness.
Du Chen regenerates -21 effectiveness.
Checking for Captures/Injuries
Updating Armaments
Jimo Attack Army's Melee Layer has 1932 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Halberds, 1932 Leather Armor, 0 Bronze Armor, 0 Horses, and 0 Chariots right now.
Jimo Attack Army's Support Layer has 0 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Leather Armor, 0 Bows, 0 Crossbows, 0 Horses, and 0 Siege Engines right now.
Jimo Garrison's Melee Layer has 0 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Halberds, 0 Leather Armor, 0 Bronze Armor, 0 Horses, and 0 Chariots right now.
Jimo Garrison's Support Layer has 0 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Leather Armor, 0 Bows, 0 Crossbows, 0 Horses, and 0 Siege Engines right now.
Current Spoils: 164 Pi Spears, 0 Halberds, 0 Javelins, 164 Leather Armor, 0 Bronze Armor, 0 Bows, 0 Crossbows, 0 Horses, 0 Chariots, and 0 Siege Engines.
Updating Soldiers and Captives
Jimo Attack Army has 378 captives right now.
Jimo Garrison has 234 captives right now.
Jimo Attack Army has won the round!
Updating Morale
Jimo Attack Army's Melee Layer has a morale of 57
Jimo Attack Army's Support Layer has a morale of 57
Jimo Garrison's Melee Layer has a morale of 36
Jimo Garrison's Support Layer has a morale of 35
Updating Supply

Rui Zhi attempts a Hinder, -7.260000000000001 chance of success.
It Fails.
Fang Ai victuals Fang Ai, 100 chance of success.
It Succeeds.
Yang Xi victuals Yang Xi, 100 chance of success.
It Succeeds.
Yang Yu victuals Yang Yu, 100 chance of success.
It Succeeds.
Jimo Attack Army's supply is 100.
Jimo Garrison's supply is 100.

Jimo Attack Army's Melee morale is 57.
Jimo Attack Army's Support morale is 57.

Jimo Garrison's Melee morale is 36.
Jimo Garrison's Support morale is 35.

Gongsunbao Jing attempts a Disrupt, -15.64 chance of success.
It Fails.
Du Chen attempts to Observe, 5.76 chance of success.
It Fails.
Jimo Attack Army Melee Layer:
Fang Ai suffers 982 casualties, and has 7199 soldiers left.
Jimo Attack Army Support Layer:
Yang Yu suffers 0 casualties, and has 2500 soldiers left.
Jimo Attack Army captures 337 soldiers.

Jimo Garrison Melee Layer:
Rui Zhi suffers 1434 casualties, and has 2440 soldiers left.
Jimo Garrison Support Layer:
Du Chen suffers 0 casualties, and has 917 soldiers left.
Jimo Garrison captures 175 soldiers.
Updating Effectiveness based on Ploys
Regenerating Effectiveness using Morale and Charisma.
Fang Ai regenerates -5 effectiveness.
Yang Xi regenerates -6 effectiveness.
Yang Yu regenerates -1 effectiveness.
none regenerates -14 effectiveness.
Rui Zhi regenerates -24 effectiveness.
Gongsunbao Jing regenerates -20 effectiveness.
Du Chen regenerates -26 effectiveness.
Checking for Captures/Injuries
Updating Armaments
Jimo Attack Army's Melee Layer has 1700 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Halberds, 1700 Leather Armor, 0 Bronze Armor, 0 Horses, and 0 Chariots right now.
Jimo Attack Army's Support Layer has 0 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Leather Armor, 0 Bows, 0 Crossbows, 0 Horses, and 0 Siege Engines right now.
Jimo Garrison's Melee Layer has 0 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Halberds, 0 Leather Armor, 0 Bronze Armor, 0 Horses, and 0 Chariots right now.
Jimo Garrison's Support Layer has 0 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Leather Armor, 0 Bows, 0 Crossbows, 0 Horses, and 0 Siege Engines right now.
Current Spoils: 303 Pi Spears, 0 Halberds, 0 Javelins, 303 Leather Armor, 0 Bronze Armor, 0 Bows, 0 Crossbows, 0 Horses, 0 Chariots, and 0 Siege Engines.
Updating Soldiers and Captives
Jimo Attack Army has 715 captives right now.
Jimo Garrison has 409 captives right now.
Jimo Attack Army has won the round!
Updating Morale
Jimo Attack Army's Melee Layer has a morale of 62
Jimo Attack Army's Support Layer has a morale of 62
Jimo Garrison's Melee Layer has a morale of 31
Jimo Garrison's Support Layer has a morale of 30
Updating Supply

Rui Zhi attempts a Hinder, -2.97 chance of success.
It Fails.
Jimo Attack Army's supply is 100.
Jimo Garrison's supply is 100.

Yang Yu attempts to Discipline the Army, 75.6 chance of success.
It Succeeds.
Jimo Attack Army's Melee morale is 70.
Jimo Attack Army's Support morale is 62.

Jimo Garrison's Melee morale is 31.
Jimo Garrison's Support morale is 30.

Gongsunbao Jing attempts a Disrupt, -7.13 chance of success.
It Fails.
Yang Xi attempts an Charge, 33.54 chance of success.
It Fails.
Du Chen attempts to Observe, 2.0700000000000003 chance of success.
It Fails.
Fang Ai attempts a Spearwall, 52 chance of success.
It Fails.
Jimo Attack Army Melee Layer:
Fang Ai suffers 854 casualties, and has 6345 soldiers left.
Jimo Attack Army Support Layer:
Yang Yu suffers 0 casualties, and has 2500 soldiers left.
Jimo Attack Army captures 305 soldiers.

Jimo Garrison Melee Layer:
Rui Zhi suffers 1213 casualties, and has 1227 soldiers left.
Jimo Garrison Support Layer:
Du Chen suffers 0 casualties, and has 917 soldiers left.
Jimo Garrison captures 144 soldiers.
Updating Effectiveness based on Ploys
Regenerating Effectiveness using Morale and Charisma.
Fang Ai regenerates 8 effectiveness.
Yang Xi regenerates 7 effectiveness.
Yang Yu regenerates 2 effectiveness.
none regenerates -9 effectiveness.
Rui Zhi regenerates -29 effectiveness.
Gongsunbao Jing regenerates -25 effectiveness.
Du Chen regenerates -31 effectiveness.
Checking for Captures/Injuries
Rui Zhi's is in Danger of being Captured. 77 chance of escape.
Rui Zhi has escaped capture cleanly.
Gongsunbao Jing's is in Danger of being Captured. 93 chance of escape.
Gongsunbao Jing has been captured!
Du Chen's is in Danger of being Captured. 75 chance of escape.
Du Chen has suffered a minor injury during their escape!
Updating Armaments
Jimo Attack Army's Melee Layer has 1498 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Halberds, 1498 Leather Armor, 0 Bronze Armor, 0 Horses, and 0 Chariots right now.
Jimo Attack Army's Support Layer has 0 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Leather Armor, 0 Bows, 0 Crossbows, 0 Horses, and 0 Siege Engines right now.
Jimo Garrison's Melee Layer has 0 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Halberds, 0 Leather Armor, 0 Bronze Armor, 0 Horses, and 0 Chariots right now.
Jimo Garrison's Support Layer has 0 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Leather Armor, 0 Bows, 0 Crossbows, 0 Horses, and 0 Siege Engines right now.
Current Spoils: 424 Pi Spears, 0 Halberds, 0 Javelins, 424 Leather Armor, 0 Bronze Armor, 0 Bows, 0 Crossbows, 0 Horses, 0 Chariots, and 0 Siege Engines.
Updating Soldiers and Captives
Jimo Attack Army has 1020 captives right now.
Jimo Garrison has 553 captives right now.
Updating Morale
Jimo Attack Army's Melee Layer has a morale of 75
Jimo Attack Army's Support Layer has a morale of 67
Jimo Garrison's Melee Layer has a morale of 26
Jimo Garrison's Support Layer has a morale of 25
Updating Supply

Jimo Attack Army has won the Entire Engagement. 24 Hours for more tactics!

[Xiang Zhuang]

The White Lion rode back and forth across the battlefield, reveling in the bloodshed. Since he had passed up on attacking Xiang Yu's caravan outside of Julu, the man had not had any real fighting. This was different. The administrator of Jimo was worthless, and he was evidence of exactly why; the poor man's defenses were being overwhelmed by the forces under Shi Tong.

With the pang of his bow, another man fell to the ground, dead. The commander had only moved to the front on rare occasion, as to not become a target himself. Still, the troops under him were fighting well, although he needed to talk to the spearmen contingent about their spearwall efforts; it wasn't working the way it was intended.

By the ides of the month, however, the battle was nearly over. He knew victory was at hand, so long as they made no easy mistake, and with that, he resigned himself to staying at the center of the vanguard. There would be no further opportunity to gain glory in this fight; only opportunities to lose it.

[Cao Chao]

With increasing desperation, Rui Zhi tried a variety of ploys to stop and push back the enemy, but all failed against the steely discipline of Fang Ai's army. Even a lucky dart attempt to catch Fang Ai's army unprepared was pushed back with heavy losses. After several days of desperate fighting against the inevitable, the Jimo garrison forces were annihilated. As he tried to escape in the chaos with his misbegotten gains and his remaining subordinates, Rui Zhi found himself surrounded and caught off, captured by the enemy.

Rui Zhi attempts a Hinder, -11 chance of success.
It Fails.
Jimo Attack Army's supply is 100.
Jimo Garrison's supply is 100.

Yang Yu attempts to Discipline the Army, 90 chance of success.
It Succeeds.
Jimo Attack Army's Melee morale is 85.
Jimo Attack Army's Support morale is 67.

Jimo Garrison's Melee morale is 26.
Jimo Garrison's Support morale is 25.

Yang Xi attempts an Charge, 43 chance of success.
It Fails.
Du Chen attempts to Observe, 9 chance of success.
It Fails.
Fang Ai attempts a Spearwall, 65 chance of success.
It Succeeds.
Jimo Attack Army Melee Layer:
Fang Ai suffers 566 casualties, and has 5779 soldiers left.
Jimo Attack Army Support Layer:
Yang Yu suffers 0 casualties, and has 2500 soldiers left.
Jimo Attack Army captures 278 soldiers.

Jimo Garrison Melee Layer:
Rui Zhi suffers 990 casualties, and has 237 soldiers left.
Jimo Garrison Support Layer:
Du Chen suffers 0 casualties, and has 917 soldiers left.
Jimo Garrison captures 86 soldiers.
Updating Effectiveness based on Ploys
Regenerating Effectiveness using Morale and Charisma.
Fang Ai regenerates 23 effectiveness.
Yang Xi regenerates 22 effectiveness.
Yang Yu regenerates 7 effectiveness.
none regenerates -4 effectiveness.
Rui Zhi regenerates -34 effectiveness.
Du Chen regenerates -36 effectiveness.
Checking for Captures/Injuries
Updating Armaments
Jimo Attack Army's Melee Layer has 1364 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Halberds, 1364 Leather Armor, 0 Bronze Armor, 0 Horses, and 0 Chariots right now.
Jimo Attack Army's Support Layer has 0 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Leather Armor, 0 Bows, 0 Crossbows, 0 Horses, and 0 Seige Engines right now.
Jimo Garrison's Melee Layer has 0 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Halberds, 0 Leather Armor, 0 Bronze Armor, 0 Horses, and 0 Chariots right now.
Jimo Garrison's Support Layer has 0 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Leather Armor, 0 Bows, 0 Crossbows, 0 Horses, and 0 Seige Engines right now.
Current Spoils: 504 Pi Spears, 0 Halberds, 0 Javelins, 504 Leather Armor, 0 Bronze Armor, 0 Bows, 0 Crossbows, 0 Horses, 0 Chariots, and 0 Seige Engines.
Updating Soldiers and Captives
Jimo Attack Army has 1298 captives right now.
Jimo Garrison has 639 captives right now.
Jimo Attack Army has won the round!
Updating Morale
Jimo Attack Army's Melee Layer has a morale of 90
Jimo Attack Army's Support Layer has a morale of 72
Jimo Garrison's Melee Layer has a morale of 21
Jimo Garrison's Support Layer has a morale of 20
Updating Supply

Rui Zhi attempts to Dart accross the field, 36.21 chance of success.
It Succeeds.
Du Chen Encamps to regain effectiveness.75 chance of success.
It Succeeds.
Jimo Attack Army's supply is 100.
Jimo Garrison's supply is 100.

Yang Yu attempts to Discipline the Army, 69.3 chance of success.
It Fails.
Jimo Attack Army's Melee morale is 90.
Jimo Attack Army's Support morale is 72.

Jimo Garrison's Melee morale is 21.
Jimo Garrison's Support morale is 20.

Yang Xi attempts an Charge, 39.56 chance of success.
It Fails.
Fang Ai attempts a Spearwall, 60.45 chance of success.
It Fails.
Jimo Attack Army Melee Layer:
Fang Ai suffers 576 casualties, and has 5203 soldiers left.
Jimo Attack Army Support Layer:
Yang Yu suffers 0 casualties, and has 2500 soldiers left.
Jimo Attack Army captures 139 soldiers.

Jimo Garrison Melee Layer:
Rui Zhi suffers 237 casualties, and has 0 soldiers left.
Jimo Garrison Support Layer:
Du Chen suffers 0 casualties, and has 917 soldiers left.
Jimo Garrison captures 82 soldiers.
Updating Effectiveness based on Ploys
Regenerating Effectiveness using Morale and Charisma.
Fang Ai regenerates 28 effectiveness.
Yang Xi regenerates 27 effectiveness.
Yang Yu regenerates 12 effectiveness.
none regenerates 1 effectiveness.
Rui Zhi regenerates -39 effectiveness.
Du Chen regenerates -41 effectiveness.
Checking for Captures/Injuries
Rui Zhi's is in Danger of being Captured. 77 chance of escape.
Rui Zhi has escaped capture cleanly.
Updating Armaments
Jimo Attack Army's Melee Layer has 1228 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Halberds, 1228 Leather Armor, 0 Bronze Armor, 0 Horses, and 0 Chariots right now.
Jimo Attack Army's Support Layer has 0 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Leather Armor, 0 Bows, 0 Crossbows, 0 Horses, and 0 Seige Engines right now.
Jimo Garrison's Melee Layer has 0 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Halberds, 0 Leather Armor, 0 Bronze Armor, 0 Horses, and 0 Chariots right now.
Jimo Garrison's Support Layer has 0 Pi Spears, 0 Javelins, 0 Leather Armor, 0 Bows, 0 Crossbows, 0 Horses, and 0 Seige Engines right now.
Current Spoils: 586 Pi Spears, 0 Halberds, 0 Javelins, 586 Leather Armor, 0 Bronze Armor, 0 Bows, 0 Crossbows, 0 Horses, 0 Chariots, and 0 Seige Engines.
Updating Soldiers and Captives
Jimo Attack Army has 1437 captives right now.
Jimo Garrison has 721 captives right now.
Jimo Garrison has been Destroyed!
Rui Zhi's is in Danger of being Captured. 29 chance of escape.
Rui Zhi has suffered a minor injury and been captured!
The Melee Commander B has been captured. Chaos Reigns.
Du Chen's is in Danger of being Captured. 28 chance of escape.
Du Chen has been captured!
The Support Commander B has been captured. Chaos Reigns.
Updating Morale
Jimo Attack Army's Melee Layer has a morale of 85
Jimo Attack Army's Support Layer has a morale of 67
Jimo Garrison's Melee Layer has a morale of 26
Jimo Garrison's Support Layer has a morale of 25
Updating Supply

Fang Ai has won the Battle and taken Jimo.

Jimo Attack Army:
Melee Layer: 5203 (85), 1228 Leather Armor, 1228 Pi Spears
Support Layer: 2500 (67)
Captives: Rui Zhi, Gongsunbao Jing, Du Chen, and 2158 (10)
Spoils: 586 Leather Armor, 586 Pi Spears

[Xiang Zhuang]

We will recruit all of the troops and attempt to recruit the NPC's.

[Cao Chao]

We will recruit all of the troops and attempt to recruit the NPC's.

Rui Zhi asks for 100 gold payment to join. Gongsunbao Jing and Du Chen join.

What you have now: 9861 (64), 1814 Pi Spears, 1814 Leather Armor

[Chou Yu]

Yu looked impassively at the enemy force that stood before him. Their own force outnumbered theirs, and possess better equipment. Yu sighed in disappointment, "Where is the challenge in this?" And turned away. If he had any doubt of their victory before, which he didn't, it was all gone now after seeing the opposition. Afterward Yu walked through the ranks, keeping the discipline. Then the first round of engagement began.

Yu rode proudly in front of his ranks shouting, "Keep your ranks! Remember the formation and do not shoot until I tell you to! Aim effectively, do not falter!" Yu could see the morale in his army starting to rise up, "Discipline is key to winn-"

His horse slipped on the ground, fell with a neigh and bringing it's rider down with him as Yu fell face first into the ground. Bearing the pain, he looked up grunting heavily and saw his men trying their best to not laugh, annoyed, Yu said, "Just damn shoot already!!" [Discipline Fails!!]

The second round came to be, and Yu has not recovered from his embarrassing accident. Looking at his ranks, he could see that it was starting to get disorderly, "This won't do." And he rode around and through his army, slapping every man who smirked or dared to mention him falling of his horse face first into the ground. And thus, Yu restored his army's effectiveness. [Victual Suceeds!!]

It was time for the third round, and Yu was walking in front of his ranks now, dismounted from his horse, "Do you know what Discipline is? Discipline means to not laugh at a superior when something unfortunate happens to him! Discipline means pretending that nothing embarrassing happened to your commander! Discipline means martial law to anyone who fails to do so!" Yu could see that his speech was successful as the man held straight faces, "Now, I ask all of you... Did I fall off the horse earlier?" An unanimous "No!" followed. Yu smiled in satisfaction. [Discipline Succeeds!!]


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The first engagement was finished, and the opposition was down to a bit more than one thousand. Victory was in sight. Yu spend the time before the next engagement to check the ranks and restore effectiveness.

It was the first round of the second engagement. Yu walked through his ranks inspecting everybody, "Have everyone been good?!" The soldiers answered, "Yes Commander Yang Yu..." But he was not done, "Did something funny happened to my involving a horse and a face on the ground earlier?" The troops said in a chorus, "No Commander Yang Yu..." Finally he said, "In fact, was there even a horse?!" And the troops replied, "No Commander Yang Yu." He smiled in satisfaction. [Discipline Succeeds!!]

It was the second round now, and Yu was giving his usual discipline speech. Then he realized that a group of troops were all squatting down and laughing looking at something. Yu approached them wordlessly and saw what they were laughing at. Someone drew a picture on a piece of banner of the scene in which Yu had fallen down his horse.[Discipline Fails!!]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The last round proved too much for the opposition, as they were annihilated to the last man, and all their generals captured. Yu stood in front of the captives and said, "You shall be given two choices. To join our ranks or be cast out in shame with nothing but the clothes on your back." Two of the generals agreed to join right away, but the former governor in all his corruptness asked for 100 Gold. Yu almost struck the man down in the spot but held himself back. He hated the fact that at the moment they needed every talent they could get, so he said in a dangerous tone.

"Very well. We might need you for your connections in the city." Yu said. Then, he took the man's collar and threataned the former governor, "But should I ever find you planning anything funny..." Yu drew a horizontal line in front of his neck, dropped the man and turned away.

[Shi Tong will pay 100 Gold for Rui Zhi!]

[Cao Chao]

Rui Zhi agrees and takes the gold.